APA--the American Psychological Association Citation Style

For more information on citing sources using APA ask your reference librarian for: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition (2001).

For the Internet Navigator you will NOT be writing a research paper, but you will be completing an annotated bibliography which documents your sources of information. The bibliography itself is titled References, and entries should be alphabetical by author. If there is no author, then use title.

In the future, you will be writing research papers for other classes. As you write your research paper, you need to give authors credit every time you use their ideas. References are identified by placing the author's last name and page number in parenthesis at the end of the sentence where you need to credit the author. See example below.

Apple, W. (1999). The plight of Johnny


     Appleseed. New York: Cider Publishing.


Smith, J. (1998). Fundamentals for earth.



     Nature, 56, 893-896.
 

... To indicate short quotations (fewer 
than 40 words) in your text, enclose the 
quotation within double quotation marks 

(Smith, 1998). Provide the author, 
year, and specific page citation in the text, 
and include a complete reference in the 
reference list. ...

APA SAMPLE REFERENCES

Reference Tools

1. Citing an entire reference tool

Sadie, S.  (Ed.).  (1980).  The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians

(6^th ed., Vols. 1-20).  London: Macmillan.

Note: Editors are indicated by placing (Ed.) after their name. Translators (Tran.) and compilers (Comp.) are indicated in similar manner. Do not include personal or academic titles such as Rev., Ph.D, or M.D. with author names. Editions of a work are indicated in parentheses immediately after the title.

2. Citing an article from a reference tool

Bergmann, P. G.  (1993).  Relativity.  In The new encyclopaedia Britannica

(Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).  Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Note: In APA only the first initial of the author’s given and middle names is stated. The titles of articles are not italicized but the title of the work is always italicized.

3. Article from an online reference book, no author

Relativity. In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed., 2001).

Retrieved October 23, 2004, from http://www.bartleby.com/

65/re/relativi.html

Note: The retrieval date and URL are given in place of a publisher or city of publication. Where there is no author, the year of publication is placed after the title of the work.

Books

4. Book with two authors

Kendall, P. C., & Hammen, C.  (1995).  Abnormal psychology.  Boston:

Houghton Mifflin.

Note: Author names are inverted and separated by an ampersand (&).  For two to five authors, use the ampersand before the last author.

5. A chapter from an edited book

Little, P.  (1995).  Records and record keeping.  In P. Carter, T. Jeffs, & M. K.

Smith (Eds.),  Social working (pp. 32-48).  London: Macmillan.

Note: In this case, the editors’ names are not inverted but the name of the chapter’s author is inverted. In APA, only the first line comes all the way to the left margin. Subsequent lines are indented 4-6 spaces.

6. E-book published exclusively online

Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Mahan-Taylor, R. (Eds.). (2003).

Teaching Pragmatics. Retrieved December 10, 2004,

from http://exchanges.state.gov/education/engteaching/pragmatics.htm

Note: For books published exclusively online, the URL and retrieval date replace the traditional print information of name of publisher and city of publication.

7. Book available both in print and online

Collins, M. (1922). The Path to Freedom. Dublin: Talbot Press.

Electronic edition (1996) retrieved November 16, 2004,

from http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900001-001

Note: For books available in both print and electronic versions, the publication information of the print version is included along with the retrieval date and URL of the electronic version.

Scholarly Journal Articles

8. Journal article with more than six authors, continuous pagination

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,

et al.  (2000).  An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and

mother–child programs for children of divorce.  Journal of Counseling and

Clinical psychology, 68, 843-856.

Note: Only the journal title and the volume number (68) are italicized. For more than six authors, use "et al." after the sixth author’s name to indicate that there are more, but do not use the ampersand (&) after the sixth author. Where paging is continuous across the separate issues, the volume number (68) is given but the issue number is not.

9. Journal article, each issue separately paged, retrieved from database

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. Retrieved

October 23, 2002, from PsycINFO database.

Note: When referencing material obtained by searching an electronic database, follow the format appropriate to the work retrieved and add a retrieval statement that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database. If the page numbering of each issue starts with page 1, state the issue number in parentheses immediately (no space) after the volume number. Note that the issue number is not italicized.

10. Electronic journal article available only on the Internet

Fredrickson, B. L.  (2000).  Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health

and well-being.  Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a.  Retrieved

November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/

pre0030001a.html

Note: In APA, a reference to any Internet item does not end with a period. Line breaks in the URL should be made at a slash.

Popular Magazine and Newspaper Articles

11. Print articles

McCallum, J., & Dohrmann, G.  (2003, July 28).  The dark side of a star.

Sports Illustrated, 99, 42-46.

Note: Popular articles require the month and day (if known) along with the year.

12. Electronic article available in print but viewed in its electronic form

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R.  (2000, November 10).  Neuroscience: Breaking

down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind  [Electronic version].

Science, 290, 1113-1120.

Note: The article title is typed sentence style; only the first word of the title, the first word after the subtitle, and any proper nouns are capitalized.

13. Newspaper article

Schwartz, J.  (1993, September 30).  Obesity affects economic, social status.

The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Note: In newspaper article references the page numbers are cited with "pp." and the section letters (in this case "A") are included.

14. Newsletter article, no author

The new health-care lexicon.  (1993, August/September).  Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.

Note: When there is no author, the date directly follows the title of the article.

Web Sites

15. Organization as author, no date

Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen 

and Adolescent Issues.  (n.d.)  Who has time for a family meal? You do!

Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://familymealtime.org

Note: Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not available.  The title of the Internet site is italicized.  The retrieval date and URL must always be included. Note that organizations may be authors as well as individuals.

16. Chapter or section in an Internet document, no author

Barriers to closing the gap.  (1998, July 7).  In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-income

cities in the information age (chap. 2).  Retrieved October 12, 2001, from

http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

Note: When no author is given, the Web site date directly follows the title of the Web site. In this case, the chapter title is not italicized but the title of the larger work is italicized. The title of the larger work is preceded by "In" (not italicized).

Additional Documentation Tips:

• If the place of publication is not well known, include the name of the state or country. Two-letter state mail codes may be used (Example: Longview, WA). 
• If several cities are listed, cite only the first.
• If you cannot find an example of a citation that fits your case exactly, you may have to build your own citation from parts and ideas taken from other examples.
  

• APA Web Site from APA Style. org online
• APA Citation Style from Cornell University Library Documentation Committee

MODULE 3 ASSIGNMENT: When preparing citations for this assignment, the assignment form may alter the indentation, italics, and underlining.  Your instructor is aware of this, and you will not be marked down if the rest of the citation is complete and accurate.

Back to Documenting Sources   |   Back to Module 3